The influence of temperature and salinity on the duration of embryonic development, fecundity and growth of the amphipod Echinogammarus marinus Leach (Gammaridae)

The effects of salinity and temperature on the duration of embryonic development, fecundity and growth of the amphipod Echinogammarus marinus Leach from the Mondego estuary (Portugal) were studied in laboratory experiments. Combinations of three temperatures (10, 15 and 20 °C) and four salinities (10, 15, 20 and 25 [per mille sign]) were used. The duration of embryonic development was 33 ± 0.7 d (mean ± S.E.) at 10 °C, 32 ± 0.5 d at 15 °C, and 17 ± 0.3 d at 20 °C. Analysis of variance demonstrated that the duration of E. marinus embryonic development, reared under different combinations of salinity and temperature, was significantly affected only by temperature (P < 0.001). A positive correlation between the number of newborn juveniles and the size of E. marinus females (as head length) was observed. The number of juveniles released per female was higher at 10 °C and lower at 20 °C. Analysis of variance showed that only temperature significantly affected the number of juveniles released per female (P < 0.001). Experimental data were used to calibrate the von Bertalanffy growth model. Results showed that growth was continuous throughout life under all laboratory conditions. Intrinsic growth rates were higher at 20 °C and lower at 10 °C. Analysis of covariance applied over the initial 90 d after hatching showed significant differences between growth rates of E. marinus under different salinity and temperature conditions. Extrapolation of laboratory data to the field scenario suggests that E. marinus in the Mondego estuary have a multivoltine life cycle.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VR3-487F13Y-1/1/150a4a6813c028558171410e1976d2f

Efecto de la descarga de aguas residuales sobre la dinámica poblacional de Melarhaphe neritoides (Gastropoda: Littorinidae).

The discharges of sewage effluent treatment plants has a major impact on coastal communities. In our study area (western coast of Portugal) Melarhaphe neritoides (L. 1758) is the dominant high-shore gastropod. Two populations of M. neritoides were studied in order to understand the impact of sewage discharges on intertidal communities: one population in an impacted area and the other in a similar but unimpacted area (reference site). Environmental data and abundance, biomass, population structure and annual growth production of M. neritoides were estimated in the two areas. The results showed that M. neritoides density is higher in the impacted area as a result of massive settlement. The sewage discharge increases the nutrient concentrations in the water, which causes more microalgae to grow on the rocky surfaces. This higher availability of food may promote recruitment. However, we found high mortality in the juveniles in the impacted area, which affected density values on the upper shore levels (where we found the adults) of both areas. Moreover, the adults were bigger in the unimpacted area, which suggests that individuals grow more or live longer in this area.Las descargas de aguas residuales de depuradoras son uno de los mayores impactos sobre las comunidades costeras. En nuestra área de estudio (costa oeste de Portugal) Melarhaphe neritoides (L. 1758) es el gasterópodo dominante en la zona supralitoral. Para entender el impacto que estos vertidos tienen sobre las comunidades intermareales, estudiamos dos poblaciones de M. neritoides: una en un área contaminada y otra en una zona similar, pero no impactada (zona de referencia). En ambas áreas se registraron datos medioambientales, datos de abundancia y biomasa de M. neritoides y se estimó la estructura de las poblaciones y la producción anual. Los resultados muestran una mayor densidad de M. neritoides en la zona contaminada, como resultado de una colonización masiva. Las descargas de aguas residuales aumentan la concentración de nutrientes en el agua, provocando un mayor crecimiento de microalgas en la superficie de las rocas, lo que facilita la colonización. Sin embargo, verificamos una elevada mortalidad de juveniles en la zona contaminada que aproximó los valores de la densidad de las poblaciones en las zonas más altas del litoral (donde encontramos los adultos) en ambas zonas. Además, los adultos eran de mayor tamaño en las áreas no contaminadas, lo que sugiere que en esta zona los individuos tienen un mayor crecimiento o viven durante más tiempo

Maintenance of two-spotted goby, Gobiusculus flavescens (Fabricius, 1779) (Perciformes, Gobiidae), in captivity as a resource for ornamental fishkeeping

The survival and growth of semipelagic two-spotted goby (Gobiusculus flavescens) were investigated in the laboratory to appreciate the ability of this species to be kept in captivity as a resource for ornamental fishkeeping. The survival of individuals was tested under three temperatures (23°C, 25°C and 27°C) during 12 days. The growth of individuals was tested using two diets: Diet 1-“SERA ®vipan” + “SERA® discus granulat” and Diet 2-“Mysis and Artemia brine shrimp” (Ocean Nutrition®), at 21°C, during 5 weeks. The low death rate at 23°C (10%) can indicate some potential for this species to be used in ornamental aquariophilia. The diet consisting of Mysis sp. and Artemia sp. brine shrimp (Diet 2) appears to be well accepted be the fishes and promotes a good growth. The two-spotted goby proved to be a species very easy to handle and to maintain at the appropriate temperatures.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The influence of environmental factors on the population dynamics, reproductive biology and productivity of Echinogammarus marinus Leach (Amphipoda, Gammaridae) in the Mondego estuary (Portugal)

The population density of Echinogammarus marinusin the Mondego estuary changed throughout the year, with a maximum during spring. The lowest densities were found in the north arm of the estuary, and the highest ones in the inner areas of the south arm. Higher densities appeared associated with the presence of muddy deposits under Fucus vesiculosus (Phaeophyta) and also with the presence of green macroalgae biomass over the sediments. Females were morphologically recognisable at smaller sizes than males, but males became larger than females. Fecundity increases with the size of females and is influenced by temperature and salinity. Sexual activity and recruitment take place continuously throughout the year, although it almost ceases by the end of winter. Present results are in opposition to the hypothesis of discontinuous recruitment presented in a previous study. Productivity (ash free dry weight- AFDW) was estimated at 1.74 to 2.45 g·m-2·year-1 in the north arm of the estuary corresponding to an annual turnover ratio () of 4.14 to 6.18. In the south arm, productivity was estimated at 1.96 to 2.74 g AFDW·m-2·year-1 in the middle section ( of 4.68 to 6.56), and at 3.85 to 5.38 g AFDW·m-2·year-1 in the innermost sampling area ( of 4.54 to 6.36). Differences in productivity appeared to depend only on population density, while annual ratios were similar over the estuary. Evidence was found that several features of E. marinus population dynamics were dependent on environmental factors resulting from the particular estuary hydraulic regime.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VR3-43P3WF7-1/1/d1a4a5cba87181beec21476340ba07f

The microalga Dunaliella and its applications: a review

This work was funded by national funds through FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., within the scope of the project MARE (UIDB/04292/2020 and UIDP/04292/2020), the project LA/P/0069/2020 granted to the Associate Laboratory ARNET. The authors also wish to acknowledge the Integrated Programme of SR&TD “Smart Valorization of Endogenous Marine Biological Resources Under a Changing Climate” (reference Centro-01-0145-FEDER-000018), co-funded by Centro 2020 program, Portugal 2020, European Union, through the European Regional Development Fund.and industry. The high adaptability of Dunaliella to high salinity, as well as its fast growth and production of several metabolites have triggered interest. The attention of industry relates to its ability to synthesize several high-value compounds, such as β-carotene, lipids, glycerol, vitamins, and proteins. In addition, due to its tolerance to high salinity, contamination is reduced, and it can grow in open systems. Dunaliella salina can accumulate up to 25% dry weight in lipids and is the most efficient natural source of β-carotene. This review highlights the general characteristics of the genus, associated with its history, morphology, reproduction, occurrence, and taxonomy. The metabolic pathways for carotenoid and lipid synthesis are described. Relevant information on the most common strains is provided as well as the most widely used growth systems and conditions, and the expression systems under development. Applications of Dunaliella in several areas of the industry are also highlighted. Thus, this review can serve as a basis for future work and for the development of environmentally friendly, simple, and highly cost-effective production methods.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Impact of aqueous extract of arbutus unedo fruits on limpets (Patella spp.) pâté during storage: proximate composition, physicochemical quality, oxidative stability, and microbial development

Limpets are molluscs widely used in food diet and much appreciated in many regions. The consumption of fishery products rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids has been increasing through filleted products and restructured products. Since food oxidation is the major cause of nutritional quality deterioration in fish products, the interest in the replacement of synthetic antioxidants with natural sources, namely in the preparation of restructured animal products such as burgers, sausages and pâtés, has been increasing. Phenolic compounds from fruits and vegetables have recognised antioxidant properties and are therefore currently considered as good alternatives to synthetic antioxidants in the food industry. In this study, the effects of the extracts of Arbutus unedo fruits, at two concentration levels (3% and 6%), on proximate composition, hysicochemical properties, oxidative stability and safety of limpets pâté, during 90 days at refrigerated storage, were investigated. After processing, the addition of 3% and 6% of A. unedo extracts into limpets pâté contributed to an increase of 18% and 36% in the total phenolic content and 5% and 36% in the antioxidant capacity, respectively. During storage, the enriched limpets pâté with A. unedo fruit extracts at 6% was more efficient as an enhancer of oxidative stability, with 34% inhibition of lipid oxidation, highlighting the potential use of A. unedo fruits as a functional ingredient in the fish industry. Overall, the limpets pâté with 6% of A. unedo fruit extracts proved to be more efficient regarding microbial control, and had the lowest changes in the quality parameters such as in colour, texture and pH during 90 days at refrigerated storage.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Berlengas Biosphere Reserve : plan for the assessment of ecosystem services and functions

The project Berlengas Biosphere Reserve Plan for the Assessment of Ecosystem Services and Functions arises from the need to identify and assess ecosystem services, promoting sustainable uses of the services in the Reserve. The high degradation rate currently observed in the natural systems, thus reducing the level and quality of ecosystem services, is reflected in a negative effect on environmental quality, human wellbeing and in some economic activities. Thus, it becomes inevitable to promote the need to convey the importance of these services to society. It is also essential to contribute to the development of innovative and environmentally sustainable practices which will maintain the functioning of the local ecosystem and the sustainability of the services. Thus, the main goals of this project are i) to identify and analyse the impacts and dependencies on ecosystem services in the Reserve; ii) to analyse the trends of the priority services, iii) to identify the risks and opportunities associated with these services; iv) to evaluate their value and ultimately iv) to disseminate the results improving conservation and management. Based on the results to be obtained through the evaluation and maintenance of these services it is expected an improvement on the environment in the region and the development of efficient mechanisms for the management of resources. Started in February 2014, over the past 3 months much research has already been conducted, with emphasis for the identification of services and opportunities in the Reserve. Ecosystem services in Berlengas can range from simply providing essential goods or support (e.g. fish) to cultural services (e.g. field trips, diving). Work is also being done to develop, define and optimize the methods to assess ecosystems services trends and values

Assessment of Cardiorespiratory Fitness without Exercise in Elderly Men with Chronic Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases

Low cardiorespiratory (CRF) is associated with health problems in elderly people, especially cardiovascular and metabolic disease. However, physical limitations in this population frequently preclude the application of aerobic tests. We developed a model to estimate CRF without aerobic testing in older men with chronic cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Subjects aged from 60 to 91 years were randomly assigned into validation (n = 67) and cross-validation (n = 29) groups. A hierarchical linear regression model included age, self-reported fitness, and handgrip strength normalized to body weight (R2 = 0.79; SEE = 1.1 METs). The PRESS (predicted residual sum of squares) statistics revealed minimal shrinkage in relation to the original model and that predicted by the model and actual CRF correlated well in the cross-validation group (r = 0.85). The area under curve (AUC) values suggested a good accuracy of the model to detect disability in the validation (0.876, 95% CI: 0.793–0.959) and cross-validation groups (0.826, 95% CI: 0.677–0.975). Our findings suggest that CRF can be reliably estimated without exercise test in unhealthy elderly men

Does lack of knowledge lead to misperceptions? Disentangling the factors modulating public knowledge about and perceptions towards sharks

Identifying sources of variability in public perceptions and attitudes toward sharks can assist managers and conservationists with developing effective strategies to raise awareness and support for the conservation of threatened shark species. This study examined the effect of several demographic, economic and socioenvironmental factors on the quality of knowledge about and perceptions toward sharks in two contrasting scenarios from northeastern Brazil: a shark hazardous coastal region and a marine protected insular area. Ordered logistic regression models were built using Likert data collected with a self-administered questionnaire survey (N = 1094). A clear relationship between education, knowledge and perceptions was found, with low education level and knowledge of sharks resulting in more negative perceptions toward these species. Prejudice toward sharks stemmed as a potentially limiting factor because the positive effects of other variables such as affinity for nature and specific knowledge about sharks were superseded by the effects of negative prejudice. Other practical factors such as age, economic level, and gender, also influenced respondent’s knowledge and perceptions and could provide a guidance for optimizing socioenvironmental gains relative to public engagement efforts. Results also suggested that populations inhabiting regions with high shark bite incidence likely require distinct outreach methods because some factors underlying knowledge and perception dynamics exhibited structural differences in their effects when compared to the trends observed in a marine protected area. Altogether, public perceptions and attitudes toward sharks could be feasibly enhanced with educational development and nature experiencing strategies. Moreover, disseminating shark-specific knowledge across the society might catalyze support for the conservation of these species in a cost-effective way. This study provides a Frontiers in potentially useful socioenvironmental framework to deal with the human dimensions of shark management and to strengthen conservation policies aimed at promoting societal compliance with pro-environmental values, which is crucial to endow shark populations with effective protection from anthropogenic threats.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio